Marcador de risco hemostático associado a eventos cardiovasculares em síndrome metabólica / Hemostatic risk marker associated with cardiovascular events in metabolic syndrome

Fundamentos: A doença cardiovascular (DCV) é a principal causa de morte nos países em desenvolvimento. Os indivíduos com síndrome metabólica (SM) apresentam risco elevado para DCV. Os fatores de risco tradicionais em conjunto, não explicam todos os eventos cardiovasculares. O fator von Willebrand (FvW), envolvido na agregação plaquetária e trombose, tem sido investigado nesse contexto. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre FvW e DCV, em pacientes portadores de SM, com e sem eventos cardiovasculares prévios. Métodos: Estudados 77 pacientes ambulatoriais, ≥18 anos, portadores de SM de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela NCEP-ATP III. Mediu-se o nível plasmático do FvW e comparou-se os valores médios entre os grupos com DCV prévia (n=30) e sem DCV documentada (n=47). Resultados: Da população estudada, 66,0% eram do sexo feminino, 78,0% de etnia branca, média de idade 63,7±8,9 anos, peso médio 82,9±14,9 kg e índice de massa corpórea 32,2±4,8 kg/m2. O nível plasmático médio do FvW foi similar nos pacientes com e sem DCV prévia, com valores de 154,5±52,1 e 155,47±41,4, respectivamente. Observou-se associação entre o diabetes mellitus (DM) e DCV estabelecida, que permaneceu significativa após ajuste para as demais variáveis incluídas no modelo multivariado. Conclusões: Não houve diferença no nível plasmático médio do FvW entre os pacientes portadores de SM, com e sem DCV documentada. A presença de DM, entretanto, esteve associada de forma independente com DCV nesta população.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developing countries. Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS) are at increased risk for CVD. The traditional risk factors, altogether, do not explain all cardiovascular events. The von Willebrand factor (vWF), involved in platelet aggregation and thrombosis, has been investigated in this context. Objective: To investigate the relationship between the vWF and CVD in patients with MS, with and without previous cardiovascular events. Methods: The study included 77 outpatients, ≥18 years, with MS, according to the criteria established by NCEP-ATP III. The plasma level of vWF was measured and the mean values were compared between the groups with prior CVD (n=30) and without documented CVD (n=47). Results: In the study population, 66.0% were female, 78.0% were white, mean age 63.7±8.9, mean weight 82.9±14.9 kg, and body mass index 32.2±4.8 kg/m2. The average plasma level of vWF was similar in patients with and without previous CVD, with values of 154.5±52.1 and 155.47±41.4, respectively. There was an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and established CVD, which remained significant after adjusting for other variables included in the multivariate model. Conclusions: There was no difference in the mean plasma level of vWF among patients with MS, with and without documented CVD. The presence of DM, however, was independently associated with CVD in this population.

In vivo dosimetry of thyroid doses from different irradiated sites in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Scattered radiation can be assessed by in vivo dosimetry. Thyroid tissue is sensitive to radiation, even at doses <10 cGy. This study compared the scattered dose to the thyroid measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and the estimated one by treatment planning system (TPS). METHODS: During radiotherapy to sites other than the thyroid of 16 children and adolescents, seventy-two TLD measurements at the thyroid were compared with TPS estimation. RESULTS: The overall TPS/TLD bias was 1.02 (95% LA 0.05 to 21.09). When bias was stratified by treatment field, the TPS overestimated TLD values at doses <1 cGy and underestimated them at doses >10 cGy. The greatest bias was found in pelvis and abdomen: 15.01 (95% LA 9.16 to 24.61) and 5.12 (95% LA 3.04 to 8.63) respectively. There was good agreement in orbit, head, and spine: bias 1.52 (95% LA 0.48 to 4.79), 0.44 (95% LA 0.11 to 1.82) and 0.83 (0.39 to 1.76) respectively. There was small agreement with broad limits for lung and mediastinum: 1.13 (95% LA 0.03 to 40.90) and 0.39 (95% LA 0.02 to 7.14) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The scattered dose can be measured with TLDs, and TPS algorithms for outside structures should be improved.

[Thyroid disorders associated with external radiation in children and adolescents]. / Alterações tireoidianas associadas à radiação externa em crianças e adolescentes.

The effects of ionizing radiation on the thyroid have been studied for several decades, and nuclear accidents are the major source of information about the subject. There is an association of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and cancer with radiation, but the threshold dose, mechanism of injury, and some risk factors have not been fully established. Children are more susceptible to thyroid injury caused by radiation and require prolonged follow-up after exposure. This issue is especially relevant nowadays, since a large number of people treated with radiation for childhood cancer survive and may have sequelae. Diagnostic radiology tests also represent a source of exposure to radiation in the pediatric population. In this review, we analyze different clinical and pathological changes, and the mechanisms of thyroid lesions caused by radiotherapy and computed tomography in children and adolescents. It is important to understand these data for prevention, early detection, and treatment of thyroid dysfunction.

Alterações tireoidianas associadas à radiação externa em crianças e adolescentes / Thyroid disorders associated with external radiation in children and adolescents

O efeito da radiação ionizante sobre a tireoide vem sendo estudado há várias décadas, e os acidentes nucleares têm sido a maior fonte de informação. Existe associação de hipotireoidismo, hipertireoidismo, nódulos e câncer de tireoide com a radiação, mas os limiares de dose, mecanismos de lesão e alguns fatores de risco ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. Crianças são mais suscetíveis à lesão tireoidiana por radiação e necessitam de seguimento prolongado após a exposição. Esse tema adquire maior relevância atualmente, pois um grande número de pessoas tratadas com radioterapia para câncer na infância sobrevive e poderá apresentar sequelas. Exames radiodiagnósticos também representam fonte de exposição à radiação na população pediátrica. Nesta revisão, analisamos as diferentes alterações clínico-patológicas e os mecanismos de lesões tireoidianas provocadas por tratamento radioterápico e tomografia computadorizada em crianças e adolescentes. É importante conhecer esses dados para prevenção, detecção precoce e tratamento da disfunção tireoidiana.

The effects of ionizing radiation on the thyroid have been studied for several decades, and nuclear accidents are the major source of information about the subject. There is an association of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and cancer with radiation, but the threshold dose, mechanism of injury, and some risk factors have not been fully established. Children are more susceptible to thyroid injury caused by radiation and require prolonged follow-up after exposure. This issue is especially relevant nowadays, since a large number of people treated with radiation for childhood cancer survive and may have sequelae. Diagnostic radiology tests also represent a source of exposure to radiation in the pediatric population. In this review, we analyze different clinical and pathological changes, and the mechanisms of thyroid lesions caused by radiotherapy and computed tomography in children and adolescents. It is important to understand these data for prevention, early detection, and treatment of thyroid dysfunction.

Tratamento medicamentoso da obesidade / Drug treatment of obesity

Os autores pretendem neste artigo conduzir uma revisão acerca do tratamento farmacológico de obesidade.